POND
FACTS




BOG

WETLANDS

WOODLANDS

MEADOWS

HARDNESS OF WATER

SOURCES OF WATER

POND PLANTS

AQUACULTURE/HYDROPONIC

HYDROPONIC GROWTH MATERIALS

BAMBOO



BACK TO TOP




HELICICULTURE

AMPHIBIANS/REPTILES

CHANNELIZATION

CRANBERRY

OCEAN

MARINE/ALGAE/SEAWEED/KELP

WILD RICE

LIMNOLOGY/HYDROBIOLOGY

INSECTS



SECTION 1



BOG




NATURAL STREAMS ,PONDS ,WET AREAS
A mixture of sand and acidic humus
(organic/plant material), has
ground water and characterized
by isolated hummocks of moss on
the surface.




BACK TO TOP



SECTION 2



WETLAND
SOILS




PEAT:
Undercomposed organic material.

MUCK:
Decomposed organic material

MINERAL:
Mostly sand, silt and clay



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 3



WOODLANDS




Area where soil organic material mix
to a depth of 12 to 18 inches. This
makes for a moist, well drained soil.


Tree canopies that don't quite touch,
with understory trees. Shrubs and
ground cover of flowering wildflowers,
ferns and mosses.




BACK TO TOP



SECTION 4



MEADOWS




MEADOW
Dry upland sites or wet
lowland enviroments.




BACK TO TOP



SECTION 5



HARDNESS
OF WATER




CARBONATE HARDNESS
Indicates the amount of carbonates
which are compounds of calcium and
magnesium with carbonic acid.
Calcium and magnesium content of
the water will determine the
degree of hardness.



SOFT WATER
5 to 10 degrees clark

MEDIUM HARD WATER
10 to 21 degrees clark

HARD WATER
22 to 38 degrees clark



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 6



SOURCES
OF WATER




AQUIFER
Any natural material that contains water
that can be brought to the surface in
useful amounts by means of a well.
Usually rocks with a lot of air spaces
in which water can accumulate, such as
sand and gravel. This is a basic part of
most water tables.




HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE




The cycle of water around the earth from
clouds to rain to rivers to oceans and
back to clouds.




HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
LINKS:




DR.C'S REMARKABLE OCEAN WORLD
http://www.oceanonline.com/

USRA
http://www.usra.edu/

UWSP
http://www.uwsp.edu/



BACK TO TOP





WATER
SOURCES




SURFACE WATER
Springs, streams, reservoirs, ponds, lakes.

GROUND WATER
Wells, aquifer, caves.

WATERSHED RUNOFF
Rain, snow, precipitation.



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 7



POND
PLANTS




MARGINAL PLANTS
Only the roots and lower parts of the plants
are submerged in water, about 6 inches.


SURFACE PLANTS
These plants root in the soil,
their leaves and flowers are
set on long stalks and float
on the surface of the water.


SUBMERGED
OXGENATING PLANTS
These plants have leaves that
remain underwater, and only
very exceptionsally protrude
above the surface.



FLOATING PLANTS
Plants with more or less defined
roots, which float freely on
the surface of the water.




BACK TO TOP



SECTION 8



AQUACULTURE
HYDROPONICS




AQUACULTURE
The cultivation of organisms in water.
This is in most cases species of fish,
crawfish,and oysters. These are some
times integrated with gardens, where
the plants use the nutrient-rich water
as fertilizer for crops.


HYDROPONICS
The cultivation of crops in a
nutrient-rich water culture.




SECTION 8A



HYDROPONIC
GROWTH
MATERIALS




Sphagan moss

Peagram (rock and/or sand)

Per-vemic-lite

Rock wool

Popcorn clay





BACK TO TOP


AQUATIC
HYDROPONIC
LINKS




AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
http://www.fisheries.org/

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY
http://www.aesweb.org/

AQUACULTURE DIRECTORY
http://www.aquaculturedirectory.com/

AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE
http://www.aquaculturemag.com/

AQUACULTURE NETWORK INFORMATION CENTER
http://www.aquanic.org/

THE AQUACULTURE NEWS
http://www.aquaculturenews.com/

AQUACULTURE ONLINE
http://www.aquaculturemag.com

AQUAFIND
http://www.aquafind.com/



BACK TO TOP




AQUAGUIDE
http://www.aquaguide.com/

AQUARIAN CONCEPTS COMMUNITY
http://www.aqurianconcepts.org/

AQUATIC GARDENERS ASSOCIATION
http://www.aquatic-gardeners.org/

THE AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOCIETY
http://www.apms.org/

AQUAMEDIA
http://www.aquamedia.org/

AQUATIC GARDENERS ASSOCIATION
http://www.aquatic-gardeners.org/

AQUATIC NETWORK
http://www.aquanet.com/

AQUAPONICS
http://www.aquaponics.com/



BACK TO TOP




AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOCIETY
http://www.apms.org/

CENTER FOR TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL AQUACULTURE

http://www.ctsa.org/

FISHBASE
http://www.fishbase.org/

FISHERIES TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATES
http://www.ftai.com/

FISH FARMING
http://www.fishfarming.com/

FISH FARMING NEWS
http://www.fish-news.com/

FISHGEN
http://www.fishgen.com/

FISHING INFORMATION CENTER
http://www.fishing-only.com/



BACK TO TOP




FISH POND INFO
http://www.fishpondinfo.com/

GLOBAL AQUACULTURE ALLIANCE
http://www.gaalliance.org/

GLOBAL AQUATICS
http://www.growfish.com/

HYDROFRAM
http://www.hydrofram.com/

HYDROPONIC GARDEN
http://www.hydroponicgarden.net/

HYDROPONIC SEARCH
http://www.hydroponicsearch.com//A>

NATIONAL AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION
http://www.nationalaquaculture.org/

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE
FISH ASSOCIATION

http://www.nanfa.org/

OVERGROW
http://www.overgrow.com/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 8B



BAMBOO






BAMBOO
Any of many woody treelike grasses with
very tall, stiff, hollow stems that have
hard, thick joints. Bamboo grow in warm
regions. Their stems are used for making
canes, fishing poles, furniture and in
some places houses




BAMBOO
LINKS




BAMBOO ARTS AND
CRAFT NETWORK

http://www.bamboocraft.net/

BAMBOO GARDEN NURSERY
http://www.bamboogarden.com/

BAMBOO HEADQUARTERS
http://www.bambooheadquarters.com/

BAMBOO NURSERY
http://www.bamboonursery.com/

TROPICAL BAMBOO
http://www.bamboonursery.com/



BACK TO TOP




SECTION 9



HELICICULTURE
SNAILS




HELICICULTURE
The study and growth of snails.



HELICICULTURE
LINKS



ANIMAL FOCUS
http://animalfocus.com/

APPLE SNAIL
http://www.applesnail.net/

BACK YARD NATURE
http://www.backyardnature.net/

DAVID SUZUKI FOUNDATION
http://www.davidsuzuki.org/

ESCARGOT PASSON
http://escargot.free.fr/

FARM WORLD
http://www.farmworld.com/

FRESCARGOT
http://www.frescargot.com/

HAPPY SNAILS
http://www.happysnails.com/

HELICICULTURE
http://www.heliciculture.co.uk/



BACK TO TOP




SECTION 10



AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES




AMPHIBIANS
Any of many cold-blooded animals
with backbones and moist, scaleless
skins. Their young usually have gills
and live in water until they develop
lungs for living on land. Frogs, newts,
salamamanders are amphibians.



REPTILES
Any of many cold-blooded animals
with backbones and lungs, usually
covered with horny plates or scales.
Snakes, lizards, alligators and
crocodiles are reptiles. Dinosaurs
were also reptiles.



TURTLES




Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines
(all living turtles belong to the crown group
Chelonia), most of whose body is shielded by
a special bony or cartilagenous shell developed
from their ribs.

The term turtle is usually used for the aquatic
species, though aquatic fresh water turtles are
also called terrapins. The term is sometimes used
(esp. in North America) to refer to all members
of the order, including tortoises, which are
predominantly land-based.

The order of Testudines includes both extant
(living) and extinct species. About 300 species
are alive today. Some species of turtles are
highly endangered.



NOTE:

TURTLES
Turtles primarily are scavengers,
feeding on dead or dying fish,
and other aquatic organisms.
Turtles eat animals as well as
plants.





AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES
LINKS




ALL ABOUT FROGS
http://allaboutfrogs.org/

CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE
http://www.nature.ca/

CARIBBEAN CONSERVATION CORPORATION
http://www.cccturtle.org/

FROGWEB
http://www.grogweb.gov/

PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND
REPTILE CONSERVATION
http://www.parcplace.org/

SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY
OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
http://www.ssarherps.org/

STARFISH
http://www.atarfish.ch/

TURTLE TRAX
http://www.turtles.org/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 11



CHANNELIZATION




Straightening and deepening streams so
water will move faster, a marsh-drainage
tactic that can interfere with waste
assimilation capacity, disturb fish
and wildlife habitats, and aggravate
flooding.




CHANNELIZATION
LINKS




COASTAL ZONE
http://www.coastalzone.com/

INTERNATIONAL RIVERS NETWORK
http://www.irn.org/

MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
http://www.mhhe.com/

OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL
http://www.theoec.org/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 12



CRANBERRY




CRANBERRY
Red acid edible berry, found in bogs.



CRANBERRY
LINKS




THE AGRICULTURE NETWORK
http://www.agnic.org/

CAPE COD CRANBERRY
GROWERS ASSOCIATION

http://www.cranberries.org/

CRANBERIES.DE
http://www.cranberries.de/

THE CRANBERRY INSTITUTE
http://www.cranberryinstitute.org/

WISCONSIN STATE CRANBERRY
GROWERS ASSOCIATION

http://www.wiscran.org/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 13



OCEAN
OCEANOGRAPHY




OCEAN
The whole body of salt water that
covers nearly three fourths of the
earth.




OCEANOGRAPHY
Oceanography, oceanology , marine science
is the study of the earth's oceans and their
interlinked ecosystems and chemical and
physical processes.
There are four major divisions
within the science:
marine geology,
including plate tectonics and other
study of the ocean floor;


Physical oceanography:
Which is concerned with the physical
attributes of the ocean such as its
temperature-salinity structure and
currents;


Chemical oceanography:
The study of the chemistry of the
ocean;


Biological oceanography:
also sometimes considered a subset
of marine biology, which is the study
of the flora and fauna of the ocean;


Meteorologic oceanography,
which is is concerned with how the
atmosphere and the ocean interact.




OCEAN
LINKS




THE NATIONAL OCEAN
INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION

http://www.noia.org/

THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM

http://www.nopp.org/

NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
http://www.nos.noaa.gov/

THE OCEAN CONSERVANCY
http://www.oceanconservancy.org/

OCEAN US
http://www.ocean.us/

U.S. GOOS STEERING COMMITTEE
http://www.ocean.tamu.edu/



BACK TO TOP




SECTION 14



MARINE
ALGAE
SEAWEED
KELP




Alga:
Algae:


Comprise several different groups of living
things which are similar to plants but are
not actually true plants. All algae lack true
leaves, roots, flowers, and other structures
specific to higher plants.
Traditionally they are distinguished from
bacteria and protozoa mainly in that they
are autotrophic, obtaining their energy
through photosynthesis. They are no longer
considered a natural group, but the term
is still used for convenience. The botanical
study of algae is called phycology.




MARINE
Of the sea.
Plants of the sea and oceans.




Phycology:
algology:

Phycology is the study of algae. Algae are
eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms which
usually live in an aquatic environment.

They are distinguished from the plant kingdom
by their lack of true roots and leaves. They
may be microscopic and single-celled or very
large and multicellular. Algae are important
as they are the primary producers for many of
the world's ecosystems.



CORALS:
Corals are small cnidarians, most of which form
colonies bound together by secreted calcium
carbonate. They include the most important reef
builders, found in tropical seas. They obtain
much of their energy from symbiotic algae called
zooxanthellae, and so are dependent on sunlight.

As a result, they are usually found at or near
the surface, though occurring to a depth of at
least 60 m. There are two main forms of coral,
hard and soft.



PLANKTON:
Plankton is the foundation of the ocean food web.
The word plankton comes from the Greek word
"planktos" which means drifting.

Plankton are microscopic organisms that float
freely with oceanic currents and in other bodies
of water.
Plankton is made up of:


Phytoplankton:
Tiny plants.

Zooplankton:
Tiny animals.


Phytoplankton:
Phytoplankton are primary producers, called autotrophs.
As the base of the oceanic food web, they use chlorophyll
to convert energy (from sunlight), inorganic chemicals
(like nitrogen), and dissolved carbon dioxide gas into
carbohydrates.

Plankton is the first link in the marine food chain;
it is eaten by many organisms, including mussels,
fish, birds, and mammals like baleen whales.

Plankton are primarily divided into broad functional
or trophic level groups:


Phytoplankton:
Autotrophic pro- or eukaryotic algae that live near
the water surface where there is sufficient light to
support photosynthesis. Among the more important
groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria and
dinoflagellates.


Zooplankton:
Small protozoans or metazoans , crustaceans and
other animals that feed on other plankton. Some of
the eggs and larvae of larger animals, such as fish,
crustaceans, and annelids, are included here.


Bacterioplankton:
Bacteria and archaea, which play an important role in
remineralising organic material down the water column.


Note:
That many phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton.
This scheme divides the plankton community into broad
producer, consumer and recycler groups.



Seaweed:

Seaweed:
Biologists, specifically Phycologists, consider seaweed
to refer any of a large number of marine benthic algae
that are multicellular, macrothallic, and thus
differentiated from most algae that tend to be microscopic
in size.
Seaweeds are usually types of brown or red algae that
are often found among other of algae, including green algae.
There are a few species of cyanobacteria however, that may
also be categorized as seaweeds. Named after terrestrial
"weeds", Seaweeds are not to be confused with things like
seagrasses, which are vascular plants and not algae.




KELP:

KELP:
kelp forest:
Kelp forests are very productive and
support areas of high plant biomass.

KELP FORESTS:
Kelp forests occur in cold, nutrient
rich water and are among the most
beautiful and biologically productive
habitats in the marine environment.

They are found throughout the world in
shallow open coastal waters, and the
larger forests are restricted to
temperatures less than 20ºC, extending
to both the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.

A dependence upon light for photosynthesis
restricts them to clear shallow water and
they are rarely much deeper than 15-40m.
The kelps have in common a capacity for
some of the most remarkable growth rates
in the plant kingdom. In southern California,
the Macrocystis can grow 30 cm per day.




MARINE
ALGAE
SEAWEED
KELP
LINKS




THE MAINE SEAWEED COUNCIL
http://www.marine.com/

PARTNERSHIP FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY
STUDIES OF COASTAL OCEANS

http://www.piscoweb.org/

ALGAEBASE
http://www.algaebase.org/

MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM
RESEARCH INSTITUTE

http://www.mbari.org/

WET WEB MEDIA
http://www.wetwebmedia.com/

THE WATER ZOO
http://www.waterzoo.co.uk/

SEAWEED
http://www.seaweed.ie/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 15



WILD RICE




RICE

The starchy grain of a kind of
cereal grass grown in warm
regions. The main areas are
those with wet, bog, marsh
regions.




WILD RICE
LINKS




BOIS FORTE DEPARTMENT
OF NATURAL RESOURCES

http://www.boisforte.com/

MINNESOTA WILD RICE
http://www.mnwildrice.com/

NEWCROP
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
http://www.bio.umass.edu/



BACK TO TOP



SECTION 16



LIMNOLOGY
HYDROBIOLOGY




Limnology:

Limnology is a discipline that concerns the
study of inland waters (both saline and fresh),
specifically lakes, ponds and rivers (both
natural and manmade), including their biological,
physical, chemical, and hydrological aspects. The
term limnology stems from Greek limne (lake) and
logos (study).


François-Alphonse Forel
(1841-1912) established the field with his studies
of Lake Geneva. Limnology traditionally is closely
related to hydrobiology, which is concerned with
the application of the principles and methods of
physics, chemistry, geology, and geography to
ecological problems.




Hydrobiology
Hydrobiology the science of life processes in water.
It is international, forming the basis for relevant
decisions in politics and society, since mankind is
dependent on water in so many ways.


Hydrologists,
Limnologists,
Ecologists,
Oceanographers,
Biologists,
Geographers,


All specialists concerned with the environment

Hydrobiology or aquatic ecology is the science of
life processes in water. It is a sub-discipline of
ecology.
Traditionally it is closely related to limnology
and can be divided into:


Lotic system ecology
(flowing waters)

Lentic system ecology
(still waters).


One of the most important subjects of research is
eutrophication. Special attention is paid to biotic
interactions in plankton assemblage including the
microbial loop, the mechanism of influencing water
blooms, phosphorus load and lake turnover.

Another subject of research is the acidification of
mountain lakes. Long-term studies are carried out on
changes in the ionic composition of the water of rivers,
lakes and reservoirs in connection with acid rain and
fertilisation.

The main goal of the research is elucidation of the
basic environmental functions of the ecosystem in
reservoirs, which are important for water quality
management.


-Acidification impact on lake
and reservoir ecosystems.

-Paleolimnology of remote
mountain lakes.

-Molecular ecology,
phylogeography and
taxonomy of Cladocera.

-Ultramorphology of
cladoceran limbs and
feeding adaptations.

-Chemical communication
in plankton
(prey-predator interaction).

-Biomanipulation of
water reservoirs.

-Cyclus of major nutrients
(phosphorus, nitrogen).

-Self-controlling mechanisms
at population and community level.




BACK TO TOP



SECTION 17



AQUATIC
INSECTS




Aquatic Insects live some portion of their
life cycle in the water. They feed in the
same ways as other Insects. Some diving
insects, can hunt for food underwater
where land-living insects cannot compete.




BACK TO TOP



CODEX


GREEN INDEX


GREEN SUB-INDEX


HOME


E-MAIL