PEST




PEST (ORGANISM)

WHAT IS A PEST?

TYPES OF PESTS

PEST LINKS



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SECTION 1



PEST
(ORGANISM)




A pest is any animal or plant harmful to humans or human concerns.
The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops,
livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially
in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own
purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same
space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives.
Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a
pest when it tramples crops.

Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps,
ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others
enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and
contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other
animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches,
rats and mice, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions.



Pest (organism)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)



Pest
Insects

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pest_insects




Weeds
(plants)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Weeds_(plants)




Pest
https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pests#Q219174




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SECTION 2



WHAT
IS A
PEST?




A pest is any animal or plant which has a harmful effect on humans,
their food or their living conditions.



Pests include animals which:


carry disease-causing micro-organisms and parasites, for example,
mosquitoes which carry Ross River virus and Murray Valley encephalitis.

attack and eat vegetable and cereal crops, for example, caterpillars
and grasshoppers.

damage stored food. For example, rats and mice may eat grain in silos,
rice or biscuits in shops and homes and contaminate this food with
their faeces (droppings) and urine.

attack and eat farm and station animals. For example, feral dogs
(dingoes) kill or maim many sheep and goats each year; foxes will
kill poultry, lambs and many species of native wildlife; and feral
cats also prey on native wildlife.

damage clothing. Silverfish, for example, eat holes in clothes.

damage buildings. For example, termites can cause considerable
damage to timber in buildings.

bite people. For example, bed bugs (so called because they often
bite people in their beds) are very difficult and expensive to
control. Their bites can cause great irritation to those bitten
and, like mosquito bites, can become infected if scratched.


There are thousands of different kinds of pests which are harmful
to humans. The great majority of these are types of insect.



What is a pest?
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5.1



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SECTION 3



TYPES
OF
PEST




1) Insect:

These are important and major pests. Insects have three pairs
of legs, two pairs of wings, segmented body and characteristic
compound eyes and antennae. Insects are tricky and cause damage
in different ways viz. sucking sap from plants, biting plant
parts, boring in to fruits, twigs and leaves, attacking roots,
barks and blossoms etc. The damaging stages of different insect
pests are larvae, adults and nymphs.



2) Mites:

These are creatures like insect but have soft body and four pairs of
legs. These tiny creatures have red or pale yellow colour. They suck
the sap from the plant and attack the crops in huge number.



3) Rodents

This group of pest eat away large amount of human food and also damage
the crops on large scale. They are also responsible for heavy loss to
stored grains on farms, in warehouses and house
s.


4) Animals:

Animals like Wild Boar, Deer, Elephants, Wild Buffalo, Jackals, Monkeys,
Squirrels cause direct damage to crop plants. They eat away the plants
and by and large they waste huge amount of crops.



5) Birds:

Birds attack the crop plants and eat grains. Crow, Parrots and Sparrows
are major among birds that attack the crops.

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Methods of pest control

Pest causes lot of reduction in the yield and quality of crops. Broadly
the measures of pest control are of two types, preventive and protective.
Preventive measures are used before the attack of the pest and protective
measures are used to control the pest after their attack. The methods of
controlling pest are as follows.



A) Mechanical methods:

1) Picking of pests, larvae by hand and destroying them. 2) Remove the part
or whole plant that is infested. 3) Use of traps. 4) Catch them with the
help of net.

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B) Physical methods:

1) By heat: High temperature kills the pest.

2) Low temperature.

3) X-rays and gamma ray.



C) Cultural methods:

1) Crop rotation.

2) Deep ploughing.

3) Clean cultivation.

4) Proper use of fertilizers and water.

5) Growing pest resistant Varieties.

6) Timely or late sowing.

7) Proper harvesting



D) Chemical methods

This method is used on large scale for direct control of pests. In these
methods, chemicals that kill the pest are used. These chemicals are called
as pesticides/ Insecticides. The chemical method is effective and faster
as compared to other methods but it is hazardous to environment. Improper
use of these chemical leads to development of resistance among the pests
causing heavy out break which leads to increase in cost of cultivation and
heavy loss. Dusts, Wettable powders, Seed dressers, Emulsions and granules
are the insecticides formulations.



E) Biological methods

Use of biological agents to control pests is called Bio-control. Ninety eight
percent pests are controlled by nature. There are certain predators, parasites,
birds, animals, micro-organisms that can be used for control of pests. Certain
biological factors used to control the pests are : Tricogama, Crysopa, HNPV,
LLNPV, Chilonus, Copidosoma, Bacillus thuringenesis.



F) Plant Quarantine measures

Control of distribution and spread of pest by laws, (Indian Quarantine Act 1925)


Integrated Pest Management

Owing to uncontrolled use a pesticides, the control of pest has not remained as
effective as earlier. This raises resistance of pests against chemicals; increases
cost of cultivation, increase residues in the produce, etc. The environmental
imbalance is another effect of such methods so it is the necessity of the time to
use IPM. IPM- Use of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, environmental
and legal methods collectively to control pest is called as IPM. It also uses
biological extracts, traps, repellents etc. for pest control.



Types of Pests
http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Types_of_Pests






Companion
Gardening
Map & Chart

http://www.heirloom-organics.com/guide/companionplanting.html




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SECTION 4



PEST
LINKS




15 Types Of Pests That
Can Invade Your Home

https://homeperformancenc.com/types-of-pests/

Pests
https://www.gardenmandy.com/category/pests/

Pest Alert
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/

Pest Types
https://www.pestbrigade.com/pest-types/

There Are Several Different
Types Of Pests That Affect
Different Environments

https://wordsonapaige.com/there-are-several-different-types-of-pests-that-affect-different-environments/

TYPES OF PESTS
http://fortpestcontrol.com/types-of-pests/

Types of Pests
https://www.globalpestlasvegas.com/types-of-pests/

Types of Pests
https://www.trustedpestmanagement.com.au/types-of-pests/

What Are the Different
Types of Crop Pests?

https://www.allthingsnature.org/what-are-the-different-types-of-crop-pests.htm

What Constitutes a Pest?
https://www.rentokil.com/au/blog/constitutes-pest/



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The
National
Pest
Management
Association
NPMA

https://npmapestworld.org/




Insects
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects




How to
Manage
Pests

http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r280301011.html




Bugwoodwiki
https://wiki.bugwood.org/Main_Page




Plant Pests
and Diseases

https://www.acsebooks.com/product-plant-pests-and-diseases-pdf-ebook-6069.aspx




GARDEN
IPM


Integrated
Pest
Management
(IPM)

https://extension.unh.edu/blog/garden-IPM




American Museum
of Natural History

https://www.amnh.org/




Global Biodiversity
Information Facility

http://www.gbif.org/




Insects
http://amazingfacts4u.com/category/insects/




Active
Wild

https://www.activewild.com/




National Pest
Management Association
NPMA

https://npmapestworld.org/




Animals and
Their Habitats

http://www.dpughphoto.com/index




Critter Catalog
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/




The
Encyclopedia
of Life

http://eol.org/




The Xerces
Society

http://www.xerces.org/




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