HUMANURE
HUMUS
COMPOST




HUMANURE

COMPOSTING TOILETS

ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

FECES

OUTHOUSE

TOILET

TREEBOG

HUMANURE LINKS



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SECTION 1



HUMANURE




"Humanure" is a neologism designating human
excrement (feces and urine) that is recycled
via composting for agricultural or other
purposes.

The term was popularized by The Humanure Handbook,
a 1994 book by Joseph Jenkins that advocates the
use of this organic soil amendment.

Humanure is not traditional sewage that has been
processed by waste-treatment facilities, which may
include waste from industrial and other sources;
rather, it is the combination of feces and urine
with paper and additional carbon material (such
as sawdust). By not disposing of feces and urine
through the typical use of a flush toilet, nutrients
can be returned to the soil instead of polluting the
water table.

Humanure is deemed safe for humans to use on crops as
long as it has been composted properly. This means
that thermophilic decomposition of the humanure must
heat it sufficiently to remove or destroy harmful
pathogens, or enough time must have elapsed since
fresh manure was added that biological activity has
killed most pathogens.

To be safe for crops, a curing stage is often
needed to allow a second mesophilic phase to
reduce phytotoxins.

Humanure is different from night soil, which
is raw human refuse spread on crops.




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SECTION 2



COMPOSTING
TOILETS




Many types of compost toilets are available
today. They are designed to suit a variety
of customs, cultures and climates, and vary
enormously in price.

Composting of human faeces is as old as the
hills, Nature’s way of safely reintegrating
human waste with the soil. All compost toilets,
however simple or complex, are devices for
helping Nature achieve this.

Contrary to popular opinion compost toilets
can be very clean and hygienic and do not smell.
They save huge quantities of water in a world
where water is becoming an increasingly precious
resource.




ADVANTAGES
OF
THE
COMPOST
TOILET



No need to dig pits.

No need for sewers and treatment plants.

No need for external infrastructure.

Safe and affordable for anywhere but
especially high water table and or
water scarce areas.

Does not pollute the ground or surface
water or the soil.

Does not produce flies or smell.

Uses less water than any other toilet.
A water flush toilet for a family can
use 100,000 litres of water a year for
flushing, the compost toilet saves all
this water.


Totally self-contained sewage treatment
on site.

There are no sewage pipes, no septic tanks,
no dangerous emptying of hazardous sludge.

No mosquitoes. Septic tanks and pit latrines
often have poorly fitting covers or the covers
are not carefully replaced after emptying.
These places then become prime breeding sites
for mosquitoes. In a compost toilet there is
no place for mosquitoes to breed.

Produces safe, useful, non-odorous compost.

The evaporative plant bed can support growth
of attractive flowers, fuel wood, vegetable
or plantain.


This technical brief by Paul Calvert is based
on his experience of designing and building
compost toilets and hygiene awareness programmes
in India.



COMPOST TOILETS
http://www.appropedia.org/Original:Compost_toilets


Humanure
http://www.appropedia.org/Humanure_or_reutilizing_your_own_body_wastes



COMPOSTING
TOILETS




A composting toilet is any system that converts
human waste into an organic compost and usable
soil, through the natural breakdown of organic
matter into its essential minerals.

Aerobic microbes do this in the presence of
moisture and air, by oxidizing the carbon in
the organic material to carbon dioxide gas,
and converting hydrogen atoms to water vapour.

Composting toilets can be installed anywhere,
such as a cabin, cottage, bunkie, yurt, RV,
pool cabana, boat, shed, barn, or home.



COMPOST TOILETS
http://www.appropedia.org/Original:Compost_toilets


COMPOSTING TOILET
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet



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SECTION 3



ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION




Allotment gardens, Biofilter, Biogas,
Community-led total sanitation,
Composting toilets, Constructed wetlands,
Greywater, Human feces, Human urine,
Humanure, Outhouse, Sanitation, Sewage
treatment, Sustainable sanitation, Urban
agriculture, Urban, Urban horticulture.




Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan,
is a modern alternative to conventional
sanitation techniques.

The objectives are to offer economically and
ecologically sustainable and culturally
acceptable systems that aim to close the
natural nutrient and water cycle. Unlike most
traditional sanitation methods, ecological
sanitation processes human waste to recover
nutrients that would otherwise be discarded.




MAIN
OBJECTIVES
OF
ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION




Main objectives of ecological sanitation are:


To reduce the health risks related to sanitation,
contaminated water and waste.

To prevent the pollution of surface and ground
water.

To prevent the degradation of soil fertility.

To optimise the management of nutrients and
water resources.




ECOLOGICAL
SANITATION




Ecological sanitation can be defined as a system that:

Prevents disease and promotes health.

Protects the environment and conserves water.

Recovers and recycles nutrients and organic matter.


Thus, the most important advantages of ecological
sanitation systems are:

Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of
nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and
energy.

Preservation of soil fertility.

Contribution to the conservation of resources
through lower water consumption, substitution
of mineral fertiliser and minimisation of water
pollution.

Improvement of agricultural productivity and
food security.

Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow
systems for more appropriate cost-efficient solutions
adapted to the local situation.

Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach.

Material flow cycle instead of disposal of valuable
resources.



ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_sanitation



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SECTION 4



FECES




Feces, faeces, or fæces is a waste product
from an animal's digestive tract expelled
through the anus (or cloaca) during
defecation.

The word faeces is the plural of the Latin
word fæx meaning "dregs".

There is no singular form in the English
language, making it a plurale tantum.



FECES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces



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SECTION 5



OUTHOUSE




An outhouse, (also known as a privy, dunny,
thunderbox, kybo, biffy, jakes (originally
pronounced, and occasionally spelled "jacks"),
shit house or earth-closet) usually refers to
a type of toilet in a small structure separate
from the main building which does not have a
flush or sewer attached.

The term outhouse originally referred to an
outbuilding, or any small structure away from
a main building, used for a variety of purposes,
but mainly for activities not wanted in the main
house.

Outhouses are used for storage, animals, and cooking,
to name a few uses. Larger structures have names such
as barn or stable.



OUTHOUSE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse



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SECTION 6



TOILET




A toilet is a plumbing fixture and disposal
system primarily intended for the disposal
of the bodily wastes: urine and fecal matter.

The word "toilet" can be used to refer to the
fixture itself or to the room containing the
fixture, especially in British English.



TOILET
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet



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SECTION 7



TREEBOG




A Treebog is a form of compost toilet which has
willows, nettles and other nutrient-hungry plants
planted around it.

The faeces are held in a chamber open to the air
which allows it to decompose rapidly, feeding the
trees around it.

Unlike a conventional compost toilet, a tree bog
should never need emptying. Effectively, it is a
system for converting human faeces to biomass.



TREE BOG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_bog


Build your own Treebog
http://www.stewardwood.org/resources/DIYtreebog.htm



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SECTION 8



HUMANURE
LINKS




Ancient Indian code for Toilets
http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/

Bremen Overseas Research and Development Agency (BORDA) (Germany)
http://www.borda-net.org

The Compost Bin
http://www.compost-bin.org/humanure-handbook/

Composting Toilet World
http://www.compostingtoilet.org/

DIRT CHEAP BUILDER
http://www.dirtcheapbuilder.com/

EcoSanRes (Sweden and International)
http://www.ecosanres.org/

EcoSan Club (Austria)
http://www.ecosan.at/

ECOSAN NLH (Norway)
http://www.nlh.no/research/ecosan/



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Ecosan Norway - Norwegian University for Life Science UMB
http://www.ecosan.no/

Ecosan (Philippines)
http://www.ecosan.ph/

Ecosan programme (Germany) GTZ
http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/

ECOSAN WASTE (Netherlands)
http://www.ecosan.nl/

ECOWATERS
http://www.ecowaters.org/

ECOWISE
http://www.ecowise.com/

ENVIROMENT REPORT
http://www.environmentreport.org/

A FAQ site on feces
http://www.heptune.com/poop.html



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Feces and Illness
http://www.feces.info

Fixing The Planet.com
http://www.fixingtheplanet.com/

Global dry toilet organization (Finland)
http://www.drytoilet.org/

A Guide To WC's and Toilets
http://www.bathroomhelp.co.uk/wc_toilets.html

HISTORY.ORG
http://www.history.org/

Humanure Handbook
http://www.weblife.org/humanure/

The Humanure Handbook
http://www.chelseagreen.com/2005/items/humanure

Humanure or reutilizing your own body wastes
http://www.appropedia.org/Humanure_or_reutilizing_your_own_body_wastes



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International Water Association Ecosan Group IWA
http://www.ecosan.org/

Joseph Jenkins, Inc. Humanure Headquarters
http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/humanure.html

MedFriendly's Article on Feces
http://www.medfriendly.com/feces.html

Outhouses of America Tour
http://www.jldr.com/ohindex.shtml

Outhouse Museum
http://www.outhousemuseum.com/

Poop Culture
http://www.poopthebook.com

SARAR Transformación (Mexico)
http://www.sarar-t.org/index.php/

SANDEC(Switzerland)
http://www.sandec.ch



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Sewer History
http://www.sewerhistory.org/

Sewer History
http://www.sewerhistory.org/indexc.htm

TIEDYE TRAVELS
http://www.tiedyetravels.com/

UNDP Ecosan
http://www.undp.org/water/initiatives/ecol.html

University Hohenheim - RESPTA (Germany)
http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/respta/



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